Podman常用命令
容器
podman ps/podman ps -a 查看容器
podman run pod id/pod name 创建并启动容器podman run --name build-env /ccos-ceastor/dind-build-env:test /sbin/init&
podman start pod id/pod name 启动容器
podman stop pod id/pod name 终止容器 podman stop build-env
podman restart pod id/pod name 重启容器 podman restart build-env
podman attach pod id/pod name 进入容器
podman exec pod id/pod name 进入容器 podman exec -it build-env bash
podman export pod id/pod name 导出容器
podman import pod id/pod name 导入容器快照
podman rm pod id/pod name 删除容器 podman rm build-env
podman logs pod id/pod name 查看日志
镜像
podman search 检索镜像
podman pull 获取镜像
podman images 列出镜像
podman image Is 列出镜像
podman rmi 删除镜像
podman image rm 删除镜像
podman save 导出镜像
podman load 导入镜像
podmanfile 定制镜像（三个）
podman build 构建镜像
podman run 运行镜像
podmanfile 常用指令（四个）
COPY 复制文件
ADD 高级复制
CMD 容器启动命令
ENV 环境变量
EXPOSE 暴露端口
部署 Podman
//安装podman
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install podman
Podman 加速器
vim /etc/containers/registries.conf
#unqualified-search-registries = ["", "", "", "docker.io"]
unqualified-search-registries = ["docker.io"]
[[registry]]
prefix = "docker.io"
location = ""
创建镜像容器
[root@localhost containers]# podman run -d --name web -p 8080:80 httpd
[root@localhost containers]# podman ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
d92bc2ac42cd docker.io/library/httpd:latest httpd-foreground 11 seconds ago Up 10 seconds ago 0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp web
运行容器
[root@localhost ~]# podman inspect -l | grep IPAddress\":
"IPAddress": "192.168.142.132",
"IPAddress": "192.168.142.132",
[root@localhost containers]# curl 192.168.142.132
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>
//查看容器的日志
[root@localhost ~]# podman logs -l
10.88.0.1 - - [09/May/2022:06:30:11 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 45
192.168.80.1 - - [09/May/2022:06:31:18 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 45
192.168.80.1 - - [09/May/2022:06:31:18 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 196
192.168.80.1 - - [09/May/2022:06:32:10 +0000] "-" 408 -
192.168.80.1 - - [09/May/2022:06:35:56 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 -
192.168.80.1 - - [09/May/2022:06:36:48 +0000] "-" 408 -
//删除容器
[root@localhost ~]# podman rm -f -l
d92bc2ac42cdb59528e6dd406d9c7036edbf90f05c6d8c37f7ffd6e85522d43c
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
查看一个运行容器中的进程资源使用情况
[root@localhost ~]# podman run -d httpd
10906a9bc0cbb97fac29dc428f7a3348f7cc88a528cbda8f041807b3583c4d22
[root@localhost ~]# podman top -l
USER PID PPID %CPU ELAPSED TTY TIME COMMAND
root 1 0 0.000 18.884993458s ? 0s httpd -DFOREGROUND
www-data 7 1 0.000 18.885149751s ? 0s httpd -DFOREGROUND
www-data 8 1 0.000 18.885214332s ? 0s httpd -DFOREGROUND
www-data 9 1 0.000 18.885253876s ? 0s httpd -DFOREGROUND
停止的容器
[root@localhost ~]# podman stop --latest
10906a9bc0cbb97fac29dc428f7a3348f7cc88a528cbda8f041807b3583c4d22
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
镜像上传
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir test
[root@localhost ~]# cd test/
[root@localhost test]# vim Podmanfile
[root@localhost test]# podman build -f Podmanfile -t test:v0.1 .
[root@localhost test]# podman run -it test:v0.1 /bin/sh
/ # echo $a
10
//如果指定名称的话加上-f
[root@localhost ~]# podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
localhost/test v0.1 93401fffb1a9 3 minutes ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/busybox latest beae173ccac6 4 months ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/httpd latest dabbfbe0c57b 4 months ago 148 MB
//前面是localhost必须改名上传镜像
[root@localhost ~]# podman tag localhost/test:v0.1 docker.io/mingzi540/busybox:xiaoxin
[root@localhost ~]# podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
localhost/test v0.1 93401fffb1a9 6 minutes ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/mingzi540/busybox xiaoxin 93401fffb1a9 6 minutes ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/busybox latest beae173ccac6 4 months ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/httpd latest dabbfbe0c57b 4 months ago 148 MB
[root@localhost ~]# podman login docker.io
Username: mingzi540
Password:
Login Succeeded!
//登录的时候要加上docker.io选择docker官方仓库
[root@localhost ~]# podman push docker.io/mingzi540/busybox:xiaoxin
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 01fd6df81c8e done
Copying config 93401fffb1 done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
配置别名
如果习惯了使用 Docker 命令，可以直接给 Podman 配置一个别名来实现无缝转移。你只需要在 .bashrc 下加入以下行内容即可
[root@localhost ~]# alias docker="podman"
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
用户操作
在允许没有root特权的用户运行Podman之前，管理员必须安装或构建Podman并完成以下配置。
cgroup V2Linux内核功能允许用户限制普通用户容器可以使用的资源，如果使用cgroupV2启用了运行Podman的Linux发行版，则可能需要更改默认的OCI运行时。某些较旧的版本runc不适用于cgroupV2，必须切换到备用OCI运行时crun。
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install crun //centos8系统自带
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/share/containers/
[root@localhost containers]# ls
containers.conf mounts.conf seccomp.json selinux
[root@localhost containers]# vim containers.conf
runtime = "crun"
#runtime = "runc"
//取消注释并将runc改为crun
[root@localhost ~]# podman inspect -l|grep -i runtime
"OCIRuntime": "crun",
"--runtime",
"Runtime": "oci",
"CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
安装slirp4netns和fuse-overlayfs
在普通用户环境中使用Podman时，建议使用fuse-overlayfs而不是VFS文件系统，至少需要版本0.7.6。现在新版本默认。
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install slirp4netns
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install fuse-overlayfs
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/containers/storage.conf
77 mount_program = "/usr/bin/fuse-overlayfs" //取消注释
/ etc / subuid和/ etc / subgid配置
Podman要求运行它的用户在/ etc / subuid和/ etc / subgid文件中列出一系列UID,shadow-utils或newuid包提供这些文件
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install shadow-utils
可以在/ etc / subuid和/ etc / subgid查看，每个用户的值必须唯一且没有任何重叠。
[root@localhost ~]# useradd xiaoxin
[root@localhost ~]# useradd xiaoying
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/subuid
xiaoxin:100000:65536
xiaoying:165536:65536
// 启动非特权ping
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ping_group_range=0 200000
[root@localhost ~]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ping_group_range = 0 200000
文件的格式是 USERNAME:UID:RANGE
- 中/etc/passwd或输出中列出的用户名getpwent。
- 为用户分配的初始 UID。
- 为用户分配的 UID 范围的大小。
该usermod程序可用于为用户分配 UID 和 GID，而不是直接更新文件。
root@localhost ~]# usermod --add-subuids 200000-201000 --add-subgids 200000-201000 hh
grep hh /etc/subuid /etc/subgid
/etc/subuid:hh:200000:1001
/etc/subgid:hh:200000:1001
用户配置文件
三个主要的配置文件是container.conf、storage.conf和registries.conf。用户可以根据需要修改这些文件。
- container.conf
// 用户配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# cat /usr/share/containers/containers.conf
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/containers/containers.conf
[root@localhost ~]# cat ~/.config/containers/containers.conf //优先级最高
如果它们以该顺序存在。每个文件都可以覆盖特定字段的前一个文件。
- 配置storage.conf文件
1./etc/containers/storage.conf
2.$HOME/.config/containers/storage.conf
//在普通用户中/etc/containers/storage.conf的一些字段将被忽略
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/containers/storage.conf
[storage]
# Default Storage Driver, Must be set for proper operation.
driver = "overlay" #此处改为overlay
.......
mount_program = "/usr/bin/fuse-overlayfs" #取消注释
[root@localhost ~]# sysctl user.max_user_namespaces=15000 #如果版本为8以下，则需要做以下操作：
[root@localhost containers]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ping_group_range = 0 200000
user.max_user_namespaces = 15000
//在普通用户中这些字段默认
graphroot="$HOME/.local/share/containers/storage"
runroot="$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containers"
- registries.conf
配置按此顺序读入,这些文件不是默认创建的,可以从/usr/share/containers或复制文件/etc/containers并进行修改。
1./etc/containers/registries.conf
2./etc/containers/registries.d/*
3.HOME/.config/containers/registries.conf
授权文件
此文件里面写了docker账号的密码，以加密方式显示
[root@localhost ~]# podman login
Username: 1314444
Password:
Login Succeeded!
[root@localhost ~]# cat /run/user/0/containers/auth.json
{
"auths": {
"": {
"auth": "MTMxNDQ0NDpIMjAxNy0xOA=="
}
}
}
普通用户是无法看见root用户的镜像的
[www@localhost ~]$ podman pull busybox
Resolved "busybox" as an alias (/etc/containers/registries.conf.d/000-shortnames.conf)
Trying to pull docker.io/library/busybox:latest...
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 5cc84ad355aa done
Copying config beae173cca done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
beae173ccac6ad749f76713cf4440fe3d21d1043fe616dfbe30775815d1d0f6a
[www@localhost ~]$ podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
docker.io/library/busybox latest beae173ccac6 4 months ago 1.46 MB
[www@localhost ~]$ podman run -it --rm busybox /bin/sh
/ #
//xiaoying用户创建镜像容器
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
3014a85ad421 docker.io/library/httpd:latest httpd-foreground 32 minutes ago Up 32 minutes ago great_mahavira
//切换到root用户查不出xioaying用户创建的容器
卷
容器与root用户一起运行，则root容器中的用户实际上就是主机上的用户。
UID GID是在/etc/subuid和/etc/subgid等中用户映射中指定的第一个UID GID。
如果普通用户的身份从主机目录挂载到容器中，并在该目录中以根用户身份创建文件，则会看到它实际上是你的用户在主机上拥有的。
[www@localhost ~]$ podman ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[www@localhost ~]$ ls
[www@localhost ~]$ mkdir data
[www@localhost ~]$ ls
data
[www@localhost ~]$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 xiaoying xiaoying 6 May 9 17:55 data
[www@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/xiaoying
[www@localhost ~]$ podman run -it --rm -v "$(pwd)"/data:/data:Z busybox /bin/sh
/ # ls
bin data dev etc home proc root run sys tmp usr var
/ # cd data/
/data # ls
/data #
//加上-Z就可以有权限查看
[www@localhost ~]$ echo 'hello world' > data/abc
//容器外创建文件内容
/data # cat abc
hello world
//去容器里查看
//普通用户可以映射>= 1024的端口
[www@localhost ~]$ podman run -d --name web1 -p 80:80 httpd
eaca84d0e2cc21634d5b28e81f5fe25efbbeeb89c74e1ed05fd0645a8d1c8236
[www@localhost ~]$ podman ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
eaca84d0e2cc docker.io/library/httpd:latest httpd-foreground 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes ago 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp web1
配置echo ‘net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start=80’ >> /etc/sysctl.conf后可以映射大于等于80的端口
[www@localhost ~]$ podman run -d -p 1024:80 httpd
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start=80' >> /etc/sysctl.conf
[root@localhost ~]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ping_group_range = 0 200000
user.max_user_namespaces = 15000
net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start = 80
[www@localhost ~]$ podman run -d -p 80:80 httpd
4c327d55182ef362547f7baa87449822d98a95013442aa9e107c577250e8e460
[xiaoxin@localhost ~]$ ss -anlt
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 *:1024 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
